Confucian Analects Chapter 19
Tsze-chang said, "The scholar, trained for public duty, seeing threatening danger, is prepared to sacrifice his life. When the opportunity of gain is presented to him, he thinks of righteousness. In sacrificing, his thoughts are reverential. In mourning, his thoughts are about the grief which he should feel. Such a man commands our approbation indeed
Tsze-chang said, "When a man holds fast to virtue, but without seeking to enlarge it, and believes in right principles, but without firm sincerity, what account can be made of his existence or non-existence?"
The disciples of Tsze-hsia asked Tsze-chang about the principles that should characterize mutual intercourse. Tsze-chang asked, "What does Tsze-hsia say on the subject?" They replied, "Tsze-hsia says: ‘Associate with those who can advantage you. Put away from you those who cannot do so.‘" Tsze-chang observed, "This is different from what I have learned. The superior man honors the talented and virtuous, and bears with all. He praises the good, and pities the incompetent. Am I possessed of great talents and virtue?-who is there among men whom I will not bear with? Am I devoid of talents and virtue?-men will put me away from them. What have we to do with the putting away of others?"
Tsze-hsia said, "Even in inferior studies and employments there is something worth being looked at; but if it be attempted to carry them out to what is remote, there is a danger of their proving inapplicable. Therefore, the superior man does not practice them."
Tsze-hsia said, "He, who from day to day recognizes what he has not yet, and from month to month does not forget what he has attained to, may be said indeed to love to learn."
Tsze-hsia said, "There are learning extensively, and having a firm and sincere aim; inquiring with earnestness, and reflecting with self-application:-virtue is in such a course."
Tsze-hsia said, "Mechanics have their shops to dwell in, in order to accomplish their works. The superior man learns, in order to reach to the utmost of his principles."
Tsze-hsia said, "The mean man is sure to gloss his faults." Tsze-hsia said, "The superior man undergoes three changes. Looked at
from a distance, he appears stern; when approached, he is mild; when he is heard to speak, his language is firm and decided."
Tsze-hsia said, "The superior man, having obtained their confidence, may then impose labors on his people. If he have not gained their confidence, they will think that he is oppressing them. Having obtained the confidence of his prince, one may then remonstrate with him. If he have not gained his confidence, the prince will think that he is vilifying him."
Tsze-hsia said, "When a person does not transgress the boundary line in the great virtues, he may pass and repass it in the small virtues."
Tsze-yu said, "The disciples and followers of Tsze-hsia, in sprinkling and sweeping the ground, in answering and replying, in advancing and receding, are sufficiently accomplished. But these are only the branches of learning, and they are left ignorant of what is essential.-How can they be acknowledged as sufficiently taught?"
Tsze-hsia heard of the remark and said, "Alas! Yen Yu is wrong. According to the way of the superior man in teaching, what departments are there which he considers of prime importance, and delivers? what are there which he considers of secondary importance, and allows himself to be idle about? But as in the case of plants, which are assorted according to their classes, so he deals with his disciples. How can the way of a superior man be such as to make fools of any of them? Is it not the sage alone, who can unite in one the beginning and the consummation of learning?"
Tsze-hsia said, "The officer, having discharged all his duties, should devote his leisure to learning. The student, having completed his learning, should apply himself to be an officer."
Tsze-hsia said, "Mourning, having been carried to the utmost degree of grief, should stop with that."
Tsze-hsia said, "My friend Chang can do things which are hard to be done, but yet he is not perfectly virtuous."
The philosopher Tsang said, "How imposing is the manner of Chang! It is difficult along with him to practice virtue."
The philosopher Tsang said, "I heard this from our Master: ‘Men may not have shown what is in them to the full extent, and yet they will be found to do so, on the occasion of mourning for their parents."
The philosopher Tsang said, "I have heard this from our Master:-‘The filial piety of Mang Chwang, in other matters, was what other men are competent to, but, as seen in his not changing the ministers of his father, nor his father‘s mode of government, it is difficult to be attained to.‘"
The chief of the Mang family having appointed Yang Fu to be chief criminal judge, the latter consulted the philosopher Tsang. Tsang said, "The rulers have failed in their duties, and the people consequently have been disorganized for a long time. When you have found out the truth of any accusation, be grieved for and pity them, and do not feel joy at your own ability."
Tsze-kung said, "Chau‘s wickedness was not so great as that name implies. Therefore, the superior man hates to dwell in a low-lying situation, where all the evil of the world will flow in upon him."
Tsze-kung said, "The faults of the superior man are like the eclipses of the sun and moon. He has his faults, and all men see them; he changes again, and all men look up to him."
Kung-sun Ch‘ao of Wei asked Tszekung, saying. "From whom did Chung-ni get his learning?"
Tsze-kung replied, "The doctrines of Wan and Wu have not yet fallen to the ground. They are to be found among men. Men of talents and virtue remember the greater principles of them, and others, not possessing such talents and virtue, remember the smaller. Thus, all possess the doctrines of Wan and Wu. Where could our Master go that he should not have an opportunity of learning them? And yet what necessity was there for his having a regular master?"
Shu-sun Wu-shu observed to the great officers in the court, saying, "Tsze-kung is superior to Chung-ni."
Tsze-fu Ching-po reported the observation to Tsze-kung, who said, "Let me use the comparison of a house and its encompassing wall. My wall only reaches to the shoulders. One may peep over it, and see whatever is valuable in the apartments.
"The wall of my Master is several fathoms high. If one do not find the door and enter by it, he cannot see the ancestral temple with its beauties, nor all the officers in their rich array.
"But I may assume that they are few who find the door. Was not the observation of the chief only what might have been expected?"
Shu-sun Wu-shu having spoken revilingly of Chung-ni, Tsze-kung said, "It is of no use doing so. Chung-ni cannot be reviled. The talents and virtue of other men are hillocks and mounds which may be stepped over. Chung-ni is the sun or moon, which it is not possible to step over. Although a man may wish to cut himself off from the sage, what harm can he do to the sun or moon? He only shows that he does not know his own capacity.
Ch‘an Tsze-ch‘ in, addressing Tsze-kung, said, "You are too modest. How can Chung-ni be said to be superior to you?"
Tsze-kung said to him, "For one word a man is often deemed to be wise, and for one word he is often deemed to be foolish. We ought to be careful indeed in what we say.
"Our Master cannot be attained to, just in the same way as the heavens cannot be gone up by the steps of a stair.
"Were our Master in the position of the ruler of a state or the chief of a family, we should find verified the description which has been given of a sage‘s rule:-he would plant the people, and forthwith they would be established; he would lead them on, and forthwith they would follow him; he would make them happy, and forthwith multitudes would resort to his dominions; he would stimulate them, and forthwith they would be harmonious. While he lived, he would be glorious. When he died, he would be bitterly lamented. How is it possible for him to be attained to?"
19·1 子张曰：“士见危致命，见得思义，祭思敬，丧思哀，其可已矣。”
子张说：“士遇见危险时能献出自己的生命，看见有利可得时能考虑是否符合义的要求，祭祀时能想到是否严肃恭敬，居丧的时候想到自己是否哀伤，这样就可以了。”
19·2 子张曰：“执德不弘，信道不笃，焉能为有？焉能为亡？”
子张说：“实行德而不能发扬光大，信仰道而不忠实坚定，（这样的人）怎么能说有，又怎么说他没有？”
19·3 子夏之门人问交于子张。子张曰：“子夏云何？”对曰：“子夏曰：‘可者与之，其不可者拒之。’”子张曰：“异乎吾所闻：君子尊贤而容众，嘉善而矜不能。我之大贤与，于人何所不容？我之不贤与，人将拒我，如之何其拒人也？”
子夏的学生向子张寻问怎样结交朋友。子张说：“子夏是怎么说的？”答道：“子夏说：‘可以相交的就和他交朋友，不可以相交的就拒绝他。’”子张说：“我所听到的和这些不一样：君子既尊重贤人，又能容纳众人；能够赞美善人，又能同情能力不够的人。如果我是十分贤良的人，那我对别人有什么不能容纳的呢？我如果不贤良，那人家就会拒绝我，又怎么谈能拒绝人家呢 ？”
19·4 子夏曰；“虽小道，必有可观者焉，致远恐泥，是以君子不为也。”
子夏说：“虽然都是些小的技艺，也一定有可取的地方，但用它来达到远 大目标就行不通了。”
19·5 子夏曰：“日知其所亡，月无忘其所能，可谓好学也已矣。”
子夏说：“每天学到一些过去所不知道的东西，每月都不能忘记已经学会的东西，这就可以叫做好学了。”
19·6 子夏曰；“博学而笃志，切问而近思，仁在其中矣。”
子夏说：“博览群书广泛学习而已记得牢固，就与切身有关的问题提出疑问并且去思考，仁就在其中了。”
19·7 子夏曰：“百工居肆以成其事，君子学以致其道。”
子夏说：“各行各业的工匠住在作坊里来完成自己的工作，君子通过学习来撑握道。”
19·8 子夏说：“小人之过也必文。”
子夏说：“小人犯了过错一定要掩饰。”
19·9 子夏曰：“君子有三变：望之俨然，即之也温，听其言也厉。”
子夏说：“君子有三变：远看他的样子庄严可怕，接近他又温和可亲，听他说话语言严厉不苟。”
19·10 子夏曰：“君子信而后劳其民；未信，则以为厉己也，信而后谏；未信，则以为谤己也。”
子夏说：“君子必须取得信任之后才去役使百姓，否则百姓就会以为是在虐待他们。要先取得信任，然后才去规劝；否则，（君主）就会以为你在诽谤他。”
19·11 子夏曰：“大德不逾闲，小德出入可也。”
子夏说：“大节上不能超越界限，小节上有些出入是可以的。”
19·12 子游曰：“子夏之门人小子，当洒扫应对进退，则可矣，抑末也。本之则无，如之何？”子夏闻之，曰：“噫，言游过矣！君子之道，孰先传焉？孰后倦焉？譬诸草木，区以别矣。君子之道，焉可诬也？有始有卒者，其惟圣人乎？”
子游说：“子夏的学生，做些打扫和迎送客人的事情是可以的，但这些不过是末节小事，根本的东西却没有学到，这怎么行呢？”子夏听了，说：“唉，子游错了。君子之道先传授哪一条，后传授哪一条，这就像草和木一样，都是分类区别的。君子之道怎么可以随意歪曲，欺骗学生呢？能按次序有始有终地教授学生们，恐怕只有圣人吧！”
19·13 子夏曰：“仕而优则学，学而优则仕。”
子夏说：“做官还有余力的人，就可以去学习，学习有余力的人，就可以去做官。”
19·14 子游曰：“丧致乎哀而止。”
子游说：“丧事做到尽哀也就可以了。”
19·15 子游曰：“吾友张也为难能也，然而未仁。”
子游说：“我的朋友子张可以说是难得的了，然而还没有做到仁。”
19·16 曾子曰：“堂堂乎张也，难与并为仁矣。”
曾子说：“子张外表堂堂，难于和他一起做到仁的。”
19·17 曾子曰：“吾闻诸夫子，人未有自致者也，必也亲丧乎。”
曾子说：“我听老师说过，人不可能自动地充分发挥感情，（如果有，）一定是在父母死亡的时候。”
19·18 曾子曰：“吾闻诸夫子，孟庄子之孝也，其他可能也；其不改父之臣与父之政，是难能也。”
曾子说：“我听老师说过，孟庄子的孝，其他人也可以做到，但他不更换父亲的旧臣及其政治措施，这是别人难以做到的。”
19·19 孟氏使阳肤为士师，问于曾子。曾子曰：“上失其道，民散久矣。如得其情，则哀矜而勿喜。”
孟氏任命阳肤做典狱官，阳肤向曾子请教。曾子说：“在上位的人离开了正道，百姓早就离心离德了。你如果能弄清他们的情况，就应当怜悯他们，而不要自鸣得意。”
19·20 子贡曰：“纣之不善，不如是之甚也。是以君子恶居下流，天下之恶皆归焉。”
子贡说：“纣王的不善，不像传说的那样厉害。所以君子憎恨处在下流的地方，使天下一切坏名声都归到他的身上。”
19·21 子贡曰：“君子之过也，如日月之食焉。过也，人皆见之；更也，人皆仰之。”
子贡说：“君子的过错好比日月蚀。他犯过错，人们都看得见；他改正过错，人们都仰望着他。
19·22 卫公孙朝问于子贡曰：“仲尼焉学？”子贡曰：“文武之道，未坠于地，在人。贤者识其大者，不贤者识其小者，莫不有文武之道焉。夫子焉不学？而亦何常师之有？”
卫国的公孙朝问子贡说：“仲尼的学问是从哪里学来的？”子贡说：“周文王武王的道，并没有失传，还留在人们中间。贤能的人可以了解它的根本，不贤的人只了解它的末节，没有什么地方无文王武王之道。我们老师何处不学，又何必要有固定的老师传播呢？”
19·23 叔孙武叔语大夫于朝曰：“子贡贤于仲尼。”子服景伯以告子贡。子贡曰；“譬之宫墙，赐之墙也及肩，窥见室家之好。夫子之墙数仞，不得其门而入，不见宗庙之类，百官之富。得其门者或寡矣。夫子之云，不亦宜乎！”
叔孙武叔在朝廷上对大夫们说：“子贡比仲尼更贤。”子服景伯把这一番话告诉了子贡。子贡说：“拿围墙来作比喻，我家的围墙只有齐肩高，老师家的围墙却有几仞高，如果找不到门进去，你就看不见里面宗庙的富丽堂皇，和房屋的绚丽多彩。能够找到门进去的人并不多。叔孙武叔那么讲，不也是很自然吗？”
19·24 叔孙武叔毁仲尼。子贡曰；“无以为也！仲尼不可毁也。他人之贤者，丘陵也，犹可逾也；仲尼，日月也，无得而逾焉。人虽欲自绝，其何伤于日月乎？多见其不知量也。”
叔孙武叔诽谤仲尼。子贡说：“（这样做）是没有用的！仲尼是毁谤不了的。别人的贤德好比丘陵，还可超越过去，仲尼的贤德好比太阳和月亮，是无法超越的。虽然有人要自绝于日月，对日月又有什么损害呢？只是表明他不自量力而已。”
19·25： 陈子禽谓子贡曰：“子为恭也，仲尼岂贤于子乎？”子贡曰：“君子一言以为知，一言以为不知，言不可不慎也。夫子之不可及也，犹天之不可阶而升也。夫子之得邦家者，所谓立之斯立，道之斯行，馁之斯来，动之斯和。其生也荣，其死也哀，如之何其可及也？”
陈子禽对子贡说：“你是谦恭了，仲尼怎么能比你更贤良呢？”子贡说：“君子的一句话就可以表现他的智识，一句话也可以表现他的不智，所以说话不可以不慎重。夫子的高不可及，正像天是不能够顺着梯子爬上去一样。夫子如果得国而为诸侯或得到采邑而为卿大夫，那就会像人们说的那样，教百姓立于礼，百姓就会立于礼，要引导百姓，百姓就会跟着走；安抚百姓，百姓就会归顺；动员百姓，百姓就会
齐心协力。（夫子）活着是十分荣耀的，（夫子）死了是极其可惜的。我怎么能赶得上他呢？”