Confucian Analects Chapter 13
Tsze-lu asked about government. The Master said, "Go before the people with your example, and be laborious in their affairs."
He requested further instruction, and was answered, "Be not weary in these things."
Chung-kung, being chief minister to the head of the Chi family, asked about government. The Master said, "Employ first the services of your various officers, pardon small faults, and raise to office men of virtue and talents."
Chung-kung said, "How shall I know the men of virtue and talent, so that I may raise them to office?" He was answered, "Raise to office those whom you know. As to those whom you do not know, will others neglect them?"
Tsze-lu said, "The ruler of Wei has been waiting for you, in order with you to administer the government. What will you consider the first thing to be done?"
The Master replied, "What is necessary is to rectify names." "So! indeed!" said Tsze-lu. "You are wide of the mark! Why must
there be such rectification?"
The Master said, "How uncultivated you are, Yu! A superior man, in regard to what he does not know, shows a cautious reserve.
"If names be not correct, language is not in accordance with the truth of things. If language be not in accordance with the truth of things, affairs cannot be carried on to success.
"When affairs cannot be carried on to success, proprieties and music do not flourish. When proprieties and music do not flourish, punishments will not be properly awarded. When punishments are not properly awarded, the people do not know how to move hand or foot.
"Therefore a superior man considers it necessary that the names he uses may be spoken appropriately, and also that what he speaks may be carried out appropriately. What the superior man requires is just that in his words there may be nothing incorrect."
Fan Ch‘ih requested to be taught husbandry. The Master said, "I am not so good for that as an old husbandman." He requested also to be taught gardening, and was answered, "I am not so good for that as an old gardener."
Fan Ch‘ih having gone out, the Master said, "A small man, indeed, is Fan Hsu! If a superior man love propriety, the people will not dare not to be reverent. If he love righteousness, the people will not dare not to submit to his example. If he love good faith, the people will not dare not to be sincere. Now, when these things obtain, the people from all quarters will come to him, bearing their children on their backs; what need has he of a knowledge of husbandry?"
The Master said, "Though a man may be able to recite the three hundred odes, yet if, when intrusted with a governmental charge, he knows not how to act, or if, when sent to any quarter on a mission, he cannot give his replies unassisted, notwithstanding the extent of his learning, of what practical use is it?"
The Master said, "When a prince‘s personal conduct is correct, his government is effective without the issuing of orders. If his personal conduct is not correct, he may issue orders, but they will not be followed."
The Master said, "The governments of Lu and Wei are brothers." The Master said of Ching, a scion of the ducal family of Wei, that
he knew the economy of a family well. When he began to have means, he said, "Ha! here is a collection-!" When they were a little increased, he said, "Ha! this is complete!" When he had become rich, he said, "Ha! this is admirable!"
When the Master went to Weil Zan Yu acted as driver of his carriage. The Master observed, "How numerous are the people!" Yu said, "Since they are thus numerous, what more shall be done
for them?" "Enrich them, was the reply.
"And when they have been enriched, what more shall be done?" The Master said, "Teach them."
The Master said, "If there were any of the princes who would employ me, in the course of twelve months, I should have done something considerable. In three years, the government would be perfected."
The Master said, "‘If good men were to govern a country in succession for a hundred years, they would be able to transform the violently bad, and dispense with capital punishments.‘ True indeed is this saying!"
The Master said, "If a truly royal ruler were to arise, it would stir require a generation, and then virtue would prevail."
The Master said, "If a minister make his own conduct correct, what difficulty will he have in assisting in government? If he cannot rectify himself, what has he to do with rectifying others?"
The disciple Zan returning from the court, the Master said to him, "How are you so late?" He replied, "We had government business." The Master said, "It must have been family affairs. If there had been government business, though I am not now in office, I should have been consulted about it."
The Duke Ting asked whether there was a single sentence which could make a country prosperous. Confucius replied, "Such an effect cannot be expected from one sentence.
"There is a saying, however, which people have -‘To be a prince is difficult; to be a minister is not easy.‘
"If a ruler knows this,-the difficulty of being a prince,-may there not be expected from this one sentence the prosperity of his country?"
The duke then said, "Is there a single sentence which can ruin a country?" Confucius replied, "Such an effect as that cannot be expected from one sentence. There is, however, the saying which people have-‘I have no pleasure in being a prince, but only in that no one can offer any opposition to what I say!‘
"If a ruler‘s words be good, is it not also good that no one oppose them? But if they are not good, and no one opposes them, may there not be expected from this one sentence the ruin of his country?"
The Duke of Sheh asked about government. The Master said, "Good government obtains when those who are near
are made happy, and those who are far off are attracted."
Tsze-hsia! being governor of Chu-fu, asked about government. The Master said, "Do not be desirous to have things done quickly; do not look at small advantages. Desire to have things done quickly prevents their being done thoroughly. Looking at small advantages prevents great affairs from being accomplished."
The Duke of Sheh informed Confucius, saying, "Among us here there are those who may be styled upright in their conduct. If their father have stolen a sheep, they will bear witness to the fact."
Confucius said, "Among us, in our part of the country, those who are upright are different from this. The father conceals the misconduct of the son, and the son conceals the misconduct of the father. Uprightness is to be found in this."
Fan Ch‘ih asked about perfect virtue. The Master said, "It is, in retirement, to be sedately grave; in the management of business, to be reverently attentive; in intercourse with others, to be strictly sincere. Though a man go among rude, uncultivated tribes, these qualities may not be neglected."
Tsze-kung asked, saying, "What qualities must a man possess to entitle him to be called an officer? The Master said, "He who in his conduct of himself maintains a sense of shame, and when sent to any quarter will not disgrace his prince‘s commission, deserves to be called an officer."
Tsze-kung pursued, "I venture to ask who may be placed in the next lower rank?" And he was told, "He whom the circle of his relatives pronounce to be filial, whom his fellow villagers and neighbors pronounce to be fraternal."
Again the disciple asked, "I venture to ask about the class still next in order." The Master said, "They are determined to be sincere in what they say, and to carry out what they do. They are obstinate little men. Yet perhaps they may make the next class."
Tsze-kung finally inquired, "Of what sort are those of the present day, who engage in government?" The Master said "Pooh! they are so many pecks and hampers, not worth being taken into account."
The Master said, "Since I cannot get men pursuing the due medium, to whom I might communicate my instructions, I must find the ardent and the cautiously-decided. The ardent will advance and lay hold of truth; the cautiously-decided will keep themselves from what is wrong."
The Master said, "The people of the south have a saying -‘A man without constancy cannot be either a wizard or a doctor.‘ Good!
"Inconstant in his virtue, he will be visited with disgrace." The Master said, "This arises simply from not attending to the prognostication."
The Master said, "The superior man is affable, but not adulatory; the mean man is adulatory, but not affable."
Tsze-kung asked, saying, "What do you say of a man who is loved by all the people of his neighborhood?" The Master replied, "We may not for that accord our approval of him." "And what do you say of him who is hated by all the people of his neighborhood?" The Master said, "We may not for that conclude that he is bad. It is better than either of these cases that the good in the neighborhood love him, and the bad hate him."
The Master said, "The superior man is easy to serve and difficult to please. If you try to please him in any way which is not accordant with right, he will not be pleased. But in his employment of men, he uses them according to their capacity. The mean man is difficult to serve, and easy to please. If you try to please him, though it be in a way which is not accordant with right, he may be pleased. But in his employment of men, he wishes them to be equal to everything."
The Master said, "The superior man has a dignified ease without pride. The mean man has pride without a dignified ease."
The Master said, "The firm, the enduring, the simple, and the modest are near to virtue."
Tsze-lu asked, saying, "What qualities must a man possess to entitle him to be called a scholar?" The Master said, "He must be thus,-earnest, urgent, and bland:-among his friends, earnest and urgent; among his brethren, bland."
The Master said, "Let a good man teach the people seven years, and they may then likewise be employed in war."
The Master said, "To lead an uninstructed people to war, is to throw them away."
13·1 子路问政。子曰：“先之劳之。”请益。曰：“无倦。”
子路问怎样管理政事。孔子说：“做在老百姓之前，使老百姓勤劳。”子路请求多讲一点。孔子说：“不要懈怠。”
13·2 仲弓为季氏宰，问政。子曰：“先有司，赦小过，举贤才。”曰：“焉知贤才而举之？”曰：“举尔所知。尔所不知，人其舍诸？”
仲弓做了季氏的家臣，问怎样管理政事。孔子说：“先责成手下负责具体事务的官吏，让他们各负其责，赦免他们的小过错，选拔贤才来任职。”仲弓又问：“怎样知道是贤才而把他们选拔出来呢？”孔子说：“选拔你所知道的，至于你不知道的贤才，别人难道还会埋没他们吗？”
13·3 子路曰：“卫君待子为政，子将奚先？”子曰：“必也正名乎！”子路曰：“有是哉，子之迂也！奚其正？”子曰：“野哉，由也！君子于其所不知，盖阙如也。名不正则言不顺，言不顺则事不成，事不成则礼乐不兴，礼乐不兴则刑罚不中，刑罚不中，则民无所措手足。故君子名之必可言也，言之必可行也。君子于其言，无所苟而已矣。”
子路（对孔子）说：“卫国国君要您去治理国家，您打算先从哪些事情做起呢？”孔子说：“首先必须正名分。”子路说：“有这样做的吗？您想得太不合时宜了。这名怎么正呢？”孔子说：“仲由，真粗野啊。君子对于他所不知道的事情，总是采取存疑的态度。名分不正，说起话来就不顺当合理，说话不顺当合理，事情就办不成。事情办不成，礼乐也就不能兴盛。礼乐不能兴盛，刑罚的执行就不会得当。刑罚不得当，百姓就不知怎么办好。所以，君子一定要定下一个名分，必须能够说得明白，说出来一定能够行得通。君子对于自己的言行，是从不
马马虎虎对待的。”
13·4 樊迟请学稼。子曰：“吾不如老农。”请学为圃。曰：“吾不如老圃。”樊迟出。子曰：“小人哉，樊须也！上好礼，则民莫敢不敬，上好义，则民莫敢不服；上好信，则民莫敢不用情。夫如是，则四方之民襁负其子而至矣，焉用稼？”
樊迟向孔子请教如何种庄稼。孔子说：“我不如老农。”樊迟又请教如何种菜。孔子说：“我不如老菜农。”樊迟退出以后，孔子说：“樊迟真是小人。在上位者只要重视礼，老百姓就不敢不敬畏；在上位者只要重视义，老百姓就不敢不服从；在上位的人只要重视信，老百姓就不敢不用真心实情来对待你。要是做到这样，四面八方的老百姓就会背着自己的小孩来投奔，哪里用得着自己去种庄稼呢？“
13·5 子曰：“诵诗三百，授之以政，不达；使于四方，不能专对。虽多，亦奚以为？”
孔子说：“把《诗》三百篇背得很熟，让他处理政务，却不会办事；让他当外交使节，不能独立地办交涉；背得很多，又有什么用呢？”
13·6 子曰：“其身正，不令而行；其身不正，虽令不从。”
孔子说：“自身正了，即使不发布命令，老百姓也会去干，自身不正，即使发布命令，老百姓也不会服从。”
13·7 子曰：“鲁卫之政，兄弟也。”
孔子说：“鲁和卫两国的政事，就像兄弟（的政事）一样。”
13·8 子谓卫公子荆：“善居室。始有，曰：‘苟合矣’。少有，曰：‘苟完矣。’富有，曰：‘苟美矣。’”
孔子谈到卫国的公子荆时说：“他善于管理经济，居家理财。刚开始有一点，他说：‘差不多也就够了。’稍为多一点时，他说：‘差不多就算完备了。’更多一点时，他说：‘差不多算是完美了’。”
13·9 子适卫，冉有仆。子曰：“庶矣哉！”冉有曰：“既庶矣，又何加焉？”曰：“富之。”曰：“既富矣，又何加焉？”曰：“教之。”
孔子到卫国去，冉有为他驾车。孔子说：“人口真多呀！”冉有说：“人口已经够多了，还要再做什么呢？”孔子说：“使他们富起来。”冉有说：“富了以后又还要做些什么？”孔子说：“对他们进行教化。”
13·10 子曰：“苟有用我者，期月而已可也，三年有成。”
孔子说：“如果有人用我治理国家，一年便可以搞出个样子，三年就一定会有成效。”
13·11 子曰：“善人为邦百年，亦可以胜残去杀矣。诚哉是言也！”
孔子说：“善人治理国家，经过一百年，也就可以消除残暴，废除刑罚杀戮了。这话真对呀！”
13·12 子曰：“如有王者，必世而后仁。”
孔子说：“如果有王者兴起，也一定要三十年才能实现仁政。”
13·13 子曰：“苟正其身矣，于从政乎何有？不能正其身，如正人何？”
孔子说：“如果端正了自身的行为，管理政事还有什么困难呢？如果不能端正自身的行为，怎能使别人端正呢？”
13·14 冉子退朝。子曰：“何晏也？”对曰：“有政。”子曰：“其事也？如有政，虽不吾以，吾其与闻之。”
冉求退朝回来，孔子说：“为什么回来得这么晚呀？”冉求说：“有政事。”孔子说：“只是一般的事务吧？如果有政事，虽然国君不用我了，我也会知道的。”
13·15 定公问：“一言而可以兴邦，有诸？”孔子对曰：“言不可以若是其几也。人之言曰：‘为君难，为臣不易。’如知为君之难也，不几乎一言而兴邦乎？”曰：“一言而丧邦，有诸？”孔子对曰：“言不可以若是其几也。人之言曰：‘予无乐乎为君，唯其言而莫予违也。’如其善而莫之违也，不亦善乎？如不善而莫之违也，不几乎一言而丧邦乎？”
鲁定公问：“一句话就可以使国家兴盛，有这样的话吗？”孔子答道：“不可能有这样的话，但有近乎于这样的话。有人说：‘做君难，做臣不易。’如果知道了做君的难，这不近乎于一句话可以使国家兴盛吗？”鲁定公又问：“一句话可以亡国，有这样的话吗？”孔子回答说：“不可能有这样的话，但有近乎这样的话。有人说过：‘我做君主并没有什么可高兴的，我所高兴的只在于我所说的话没有人敢于违抗。’如果说得对而没有人违抗，不也好吗？如果说得不对而没有人违抗，那不就近乎于一句话可以亡国吗？”
13·16 叶公问政。子曰：“近者悦，远者来。”
叶公问孔子怎样管理政事。孔子说：“使近处的人高兴，使远处的人来归附。”
13·17 子夏为莒父宰，问政。子曰：“无欲速，无见小利。欲速则不达，见小利则大事不成。” 子夏做莒父的总管，问孔子怎样办理政事。孔子说：“不要求快，不要贪求小利。求快反而达不到目的，贪求小利就做不成大事。”
13·18 叶公语孔子曰：“吾党有直躬者，其父攘羊，而子证之。”孔子曰：“吾党之直者异于是：父为子隐，子为父隐，直在其中矣。”
叶公告诉孔子说：“我的家乡有个正直的人，他的父亲偷了人家的羊，他告发了父亲。”孔子说：“我家乡的正直的人和你讲的正直人不一样：父亲为儿子隐瞒，儿子为父亲隐瞒。正直就在其中了。”
13·19 樊迟问仁。子曰：“居处恭，执事敬，与人忠。虽之夷狄，不可弃也。”
樊迟问怎样才是仁。孔子说：“平常在家规规矩矩，办事严肃认真，待人忠心诚意。即使到了夷狄之地，也不可背弃。”
13·20 子贡问曰：“何如斯可谓之士矣？”子曰：“行已有耻，使于四方，不辱君命，可谓士矣。”曰：“敢问其次。”曰：“宗族称孝焉，乡党称弟焉。”
曰“敢问其次。”曰：“言必信，行必果，硁硁然小人哉！抑亦可以为次矣。”曰：“今之从政者何如？”子曰：“噫！斗筲之人，何足算也？”
子贡问道：“怎样才可以叫做士？”孔子说：“自己在做事时有知耻之心，出使外国各方，能够完成君主交付的使命，可以叫做士。”子贡说：“请问次一等的呢？”孔子说：“宗族中的人称赞他孝顺父母，乡党们称他尊敬兄长。”子贡又问：“请问再次一等的呢？”孔子说：“说到一定做到，做事一定坚持到底，不问是非地固执己见，那是小人啊。但也可以说是再次一等的士了。”子贡说：“现在的执政者，您看怎么样？”孔子说：“唉！这些器量狭小的人，哪里能数得上呢？”
13·21 子曰：“不得中行而与之，必也狂狷乎！狂者进取，狷者有所不为也。”
孔子说：“我找不到奉行中庸之道的人和他交往，只能与狂者、狷者相交往了。狂者敢作敢为，狷者对有些事是不肯干的。”
13·22 子曰：“南人有言曰：‘人而无恒，不可以作巫医。’善夫！”“不恒 其德，或承之羞。”子曰：不占而已矣。”
孔子说：“南方人有句话说：‘人如果做事没有恒心，就不能当巫医。’这句话说得真好啊！”“人不能长久地保存自己的德行，免不了要遭受耻辱。”孔子说：“（这句话是说，没有恒心的人）用不着去占卦了。”
13·23 子曰：“君子和而不同，小人同而不和。”
孔子说：“君子讲求和谐而不同流合污，小人只求完全一致，而不讲求协调。”
13·24 子贡问曰：“乡人皆好之，何如？”子曰：“未可也。”“乡人皆恶之，何如？”子曰：“未可也。不如乡人之善者好之，其不善者恶之。”
子贡问孔子说：“全乡人都喜欢、赞扬他，这个人怎么样？”孔子说：“这还不能肯定。”子贡又问孔子说：“全乡人都厌恶、憎恨他，这个人怎么样？”孔子说：“这也是不能肯定的。最好的人是全乡的好人都喜欢他，全乡的坏人都厌恶他。”
13·25 子曰：“君子易事而难说也。说之不以道，不说也；及其使人也，器之。小人难事而易说也。说之虽不以道，说也；及其使人也，求备焉。”
孔子说：“为君子办事很容易，但很难取得他的欢喜。不按正道去讨他的喜欢，他是不会喜欢的。但是，当他使用人的时候，总是量才而用人；为小人办事很难，但要取得他的欢喜则是很容易的。不按正道去讨他的喜欢，也会得到他的喜欢。但等到他使用人的时候，却是求全责备。”
13·26 子曰：“君子泰而不骄，小人骄而不泰。”
孔子说：“君子安静坦然而不傲慢无礼，小人傲慢无礼而不安静坦然。”
13·27 子曰：“刚、毅、木、讷近仁。”
孔子说：“刚强、果敢、朴实、谨慎，这四种品德接近于仁。”
13·28 子路问曰：“何如斯可谓之士矣？”子曰：“切切偲偲，怡怡如也，可谓士矣。朋友切切偲偲，兄弟怡怡。”
子路问孔子道：“怎样才可以称为士呢？”孔子说：“互助督促勉励，相处和和气气，可以算是士了。朋友之间互相督促勉励，兄弟之间相处和和气气。”
13·29 子曰：“善人教民七年，亦可以即戎矣。”
孔子说：“善人教练百姓用七年的时候，也就可以叫他们去当兵打仗了。”
13·30 子曰：“以不教民战，是谓弃之。”
孔子说：“如果不先对老百姓进行作战训练，这就叫抛弃他们。”